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Adedokun AO, Wilson MM. Urinary incontinence: Historical, global, and epidemiologic perspectives. Clin Geriatr Med. 2004;20(3):399-407, v.

Brown JS, Nyberg LM, Kusek JW, et al. Proceedings of the National Instituteof Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Dseases International Symposium on Epidemiologic Issues in Urinary Incontinence in Women.Am JObstet Gynecol. 2003;188( 6):S77-88.

Cigolle CT, Langa KM, Kabeto MU, Tian Z, Blaum CS. Geriatric conditions and disability: The health and retirement study. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147( 3):156-164

Hunskaar S, Burgio K, Diokno A, Herzog AR, Hjalmas K,Lapitan MC. Epidemiology and natural history of urinary incontinence in women. Urology.2003;62( 4 Suppl 1):16-23.

Melville JL, Katon W, Delaney K, Newton K. Urinary incontinence in US women: A population-based study. Arch Intern Med.2005;165( 5):537-542.

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Gray M. Assessment  and management of urinary incontinence. Nurse Pract. 2005;30( 7):32-3, 36-43; quiz 43-5.

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Pfisterer MH, Johnson TM 2nd, Jenetzky E, Hauer K, Oster P.Geriatric patients' preferences for treatment of urinary incontinence: a study of hospitalized, cognitively competent adults aged 80 and older.J  Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(12):2016-22 

Shamliyan TA, Kane RL, Wyman J, Wilt TJ. Systematic review: Randomized, controlled trials of nonsurgical treatments for urinary incontinence in women. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148( 6):459-W100.

Arizona Reynolds Program of Applied Geriatrics Physician Fact  Sheet-  Urinary Incontinence: Diagnosis

Arizona Reynolds Program of Applied Geriatrics Physician Fact  Sheet-  Urinary Incontinence: Treatment

American Geriatrics Society: Evaluating  and Treating Older Adult Urinary Incontinence: A Step-wise Approach for Primary  Care Providers

National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC). Guideline summary: Urinary Incontinence. In: National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) http://www.guideline.gov. Rockville (MD)

Basra R, Kelleher C. Disease  burden of overactive bladder: Quality-of-life data assessed using  ICI-recommended instruments. Pharmacoeconomics. 2007;25( 2):129-142.

Brittain KR, Shaw C. The  social consequences of living with and dealing with incontinence--a carers  perspective. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65( 6):1274-1283.

Epstein LB, Goldberg RP. The overactive bladder and quality of life. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2005;50( 1):30-36.

Hajjar RR. Psychosocial  impact of urinary incontinence in the elderly population. Clin Geriatr    Med. 2004;20( 3):553-64, viii.

MacDonald CD, Butler  L. Silent no more: Elderly women's stories of living with urinary incontinence in  long-term care. J Gerontol Nurs. 2007;33( 1):14-20.

Wilson MM. Urinary incontinence: A  treatise on gender, sexuality, and culture. Clin Geriatr Med. 2004;20( 3):565-70, ix.

Milne JL, Moore KN. An  exploratory study of continence care services worldwide. Int J Nurs Stud. 2003;40( 3):235-247.

St John W, Wallis M, James H, McKenzie S, Guyatt S. Targeting community-dwelling urinary incontinence sufferers: A multi-disciplinary  community based model for conservative continence services. Contemp Nurse. 2004;17( 3):211-222.